Even as the July 1 deadline to submit applications for setting up new banks in India approaches, the aspirants are solidifying their plans in case they are granted a license by the Reserve Bank of India. On Thursday, JM Financial Group announced that former Citigroup chief executive Vikram Pandit would join the Mumbai-based financial services firm to steer its banking efforts. Pandit left Citigroup late last year after a disagreement with the board of directors and amid allegations that he had mismanaged the firm’s operations.

Pandit and his business partner, Hari Aiyar, are buying a 50% stake in a subsidiary of JM. This entity will be applying for the banking license. The two will also pick up a 3% stake in the group’s listed company. They will be paying $10 million for the stake and another $100 million for expansion of the business. Pandit will be the non-executive chairman of the proposed bank.

In addition, Pandit and his partner have been authorized by the JM Financial board “to purchase shares up to the amount prescribed by the [Reserve Bank of India] in this entity,” which clearly puts the two in the driver’s seat as far as the proposed bank is concerned. “I continue to believe in the long-term growth prospects of India,” Pandit said in a statement. According to JM Financial Group chairman Nimesh Kampani, Pandit will help bring to the new venture both global best practices and reach. Following the news, the JM shares reached a 52-week high on the Bombay Stock Exchange.

Meanwhile, Ajay Piramal has taken a 10% stake in Chennai-based Shriram Transport Finance. He acquired the shares from U.S.-based private equity firm TPG Capital in a deal valued at $300 million. Both Shriram and Piramal have officially said that there is no specific understanding on a banking license. But Shriram has already decided to make an application. Observers predict that things will start happening if Shriram’s application is cleared by the Reserve Bank of India. According to a report in The Times of India: “Both [Shriram and Piramal] are planning to apply for new bank permits. The probability of getting at least one license is comparatively higher. Once the outcome is clear, the nature of the relationship will undergo significant changes.”

Between the two, Shriram is more likely to get the license. It has been operating as a non-banking financial company since 1974. Piramal has been principally in pharmaceuticals. But he banked $3.7 billion when he sold his company to U.S. drug-maker Abbott Laboratories in 2010. Since then, he has become an investor in companies such as Vodafone India. That was a strategic investment; in Shriram, he is expected to be more hands on.

Other contenders for bank licenses are also readying their plans. Although observers initially expected there to be more than 100 applicants, that number is now settling down to less than two dozen. The chances are that only six to eight will get new licenses.

Foreign firms and investors have been having a series of run-ins with Indian tax officials. But the Indian revenue department’s attempts to tax locally earned online advertising income of Google and Yahoo suffered a setback recently. A tax tribunal has ruled that these companies do not have a fixed physical presence in India and therefore cannot be subject to income tax in the country.

A note by Economic Laws Practice (ELP), a Mumbai-based law firm, points out that “examining the existence of a virtual [permanent establishment] in the case of websites … has always been a challenge. The experts and courts have generally linked this to a tangible form, which is generally the server or the hardware, where these websites are hosted.”

But the respite for these firms may be short-lived if the tax department appeals to a higher court and gets a ruling in its favor.

The specific case involves Google Ireland Ltd, Overture Services Inc. U.S.A (a Yahoo company), and their Kolkata-based client, Right Florists Pvt. Ltd, for the financial year 2004-2005. Right Florists used advertising on the search engines of Google and Yahoo to generate business and paid Rs. 3.04 million ($67,650 at the average exchange rate of Rs. 45 to a dollar in 2004-2005) for the service. It did not withhold tax on that payment.

At the core of the dispute are differing interpretations of tax laws, the double tax avoidance agreement that India has with the U.S. and Ireland, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s model tax convention on income and capital.

According to India’s tax department, Right Florists should have withheld tax on the payment, and since it didn’t, the company was not entitled to claim a deduction for advertising expenditures from its income. Right Florists contended that it was not required to withhold tax as neither Google nor Yahoo have a fixed place of operation in India and therefore, their income was not subject to tax in the country. The tax department did not agree with this reasoning; it maintained that the Indian company should have sought the opinion of the tax department before remitting the payment.

The commissioner of income tax in charge of appeals ruled in favor of Right Florists. The tax department then approached the Kolkata bench of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. The tribunal upheld the earlier ruling. In its order, the tribunal said: “The receipts in respect of online advertising on Google and Yahoo cannot be brought to tax in India under the provisions of the Income Tax Act, as also under the provisions of the India-U.S. and India-Ireland tax treaty.” The tribunal also noted that the tax department had not brought anything on record, either at the assessment stage or even before the hearing, to suggest that Google or Yahoo had a permanent establishment in India. The body added that the servers on which the advertisements were hosted were not located in India and presence in India through a website cannot be said to constitute a permanent establishment.

According to the tribunal’s order: “There is nothing on record to demonstrate or suggest that the online advertising revenues generated in India were supported by, serviced by or connected with any entity based in India. It is only elementary that when the recipient of income does not have the primary tax liability in respect of an income, the payer cannot have vicarious tax withholding liability either.”

The tribunal also stated that the payment for online advertising cannot be taxed as a technical service, as the reading of law requires human interface in a technical service. The display of online advertisements on a search engine results page is determined by algorithms — there is no human intervention and so in that sense, it is not a technical service.

But what if a foreign company that provided a service had an Indian subsidiary, like in the instance of Google? “No double tax avoidance treaty that India has signed with other countries states that mere presence of a subsidiary of a foreign company in India is equivalent to having a permanent establishment in [the country],” says Pranay Bhatia, a partner at ELP. Further, if retroactive amendments are brought by the government, they cannot override existing bilateral treaties and the income cannot be attributed to the Indian subsidiaries of these online search companies without there being a permanent establishment in India, he adds.

While the tax tribunal’s order provides relief for advertisers on websites that have no permanent establishment in India, Bhatia cautions that the tax department could upend the issue once again through amendments to the Income Tax Act of 1965.

Indian industrialist Vijay Mallya, chairman of conglomerate UB Group, which has holdings that span from liquor to airlines, lost the nickname of ‘king of good times’ when his airline venture — Kingfisher Airlines — hit financial turbulence a couple of years ago. Since then, times have continued to be tough for Mallya. Kingfisher Airlines (KFA) was grounded in October and its scheduled operator’s permit lapsed in December. KFA employees have not been paid salaries for the past several months. They have been staging protests and exhorting Mallya to pay them instead of spending money on some of his other business interests, including a Formula One racing team and an Indian Premier League cricket team.

Mallya has now hit yet another rough patch. A consortium of 17 banks is getting ready to liquidate assets pledged with them by Mallya as collateral. These include Mallya’s villa in Goa, Kingfisher’s office in Mumbai and a luxury yatch. The lenders are also holding as collateral shares of Kingfisher Airlines, United Spirits, and Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilisers, and corporate guarantees of United Breweries. The total value of the collateral is estimated to be around Rs. 6,500 crore ($1.18 billion at the exchange rate of Rs. 54.63 to a dollar) against dues of Rs. 7,000 crore ($1.28 billion).

The State Bank of India, which leads the consortium of lenders, has already started selling shares of United Sprits. More than three million KFA shares have also been invoked. KFA, which owes around Rs. 13,582 crore ($2.48 billion) to banks, its staff, airport operators and oil companies, reported a net loss of Rs. 755 crore ($138 million) for the quarter ending in December.

In April, the company submitted yet another revival plan — the fifth so far — to India’s director-general of civil aviation (DGCA). After meeting the DGCA, KFA CEO Sanjay Aggarwal told the media: “We have given the complete funding and traffic plans to the DGCA. The initial funding to restart the airline will be from the UB Group. We have also requested the DGCA to renew our flying license.” The proposal outlines plans to start operations with seven aircraft and gradually increase the number to 20. Of KFA’s fleet of around 40, some aircraft were recently deregistered following a court order so that their lessors could repossess them.

According to newspaper reports, KFA’s new plan does not meet the pre-conditions set by the DGCA for the airline’s revival — including clearing all dues to employees and obtaining a no-objection certificate from the Airports Authority of India, tax authorities and banks to whom KFA owes money. The only difference from earlier revival plans is that the UB Group has got approval from its shareholders to fund KFA.

Expressing concern over the bad loans made by various public sector banks recently, Finance Minister P. Chidambaram urged the institutions to take tougher measures against defaulters. Chidambaram pointed out that the country cannot afford to have “affluent promoters and sick companies.” Speaking to daily newspaper The Times of India, Sanjay Jain, director of New Delhi-based investment consultancy firm Taj Capital Partners, said: “Any lenient step on an NPA [non-performing asset] would be looked down at. If the banks are allowed to bail out NPA companies, it’s the government that has to foot the bill. And the government is unlikely to finance sick loans when it is desperate to contain the fiscal deficit.”

Mallya could well be a test case for India.